| Fi. | aaja | 'end, limits, extreme' | look under 'kasa' | ||
| anger | Fi. | ahdas | 'tight, sqeezed, narrow' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *aštas |
| anguish < Lat. | ↑ Baltic *an(k)žtas | ||||
| or ↑ Baltic *ang-š-t-a-s | |||||
| Sw. | ångest, ängslig, | 'remorse', 'anguish', | < | cf. PIE h2enģh- | |
| ånger | 'anxious' | ||||
| anger | Fi. | ankea | 'bleak, cheerless, dark, depressing, desolate, dismal' | < | ?Proto Finnic *ankeða/ankeh- |
| anguish < Lat. | Sw. | ångest, ängslig, | 'remorse', 'anguish', | < | ↑ Gmc *ang(w)ijaz |
| ånger | 'anxious' | ||||
| Fi. | ahjo | 'forge, furnace, hearth' | look under 'kaski' | ||
| Fi. | ahku | 'cinder' | look under 'kaski' | ||
| Fi. | aho | 'abandoned burnt over field' | look under 'kaski' | ||
| island | Fi. | Ahvenanmaa | '(topon.) archipelago province | < | ?Proto Finnic *Ahveh- |
| < Ahveen +maa | between Stockholm and Turku' | ||||
| < *Ahveh- | |||||
| Sw. | Öja | 'the isles' (frequent toponym in | < | ↑ ?Early Gmc. *aʒwjōz 'the isles' | |
| Sweden, for ex. occurance near Yst | (or Gmc. *aʒwī nom. 'the island') | ||||
| Sw. Åland < *ahwe- (+landa) 'name of the | |||||
| same archipelago province' <= ?Proto-Finnic *Ahveh- | |||||
| agent, agile, | Fi. | ajaa | 'drive (ride, travel, chase)' | < | PFU *aja- */åjå-/ |
| act < Lat | ↑ PIA *aja- | ||||
| Sw. | åka < aka | 'ride, drive' | < | cf. PIE *h2eģ- | |
| Fi. | vuohi | 'goat' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *vōši | |
| ↑ Baltic *až- | |||||
| For some reason this word is | cf. PIE *h2eǵ-o- ; *h2eǵ-eh2- | ||||
| not assumed to be a cognate to the root above, | |||||
| although semantics does not seem to be a problem: | |||||
| an animal, which is 'lead' or 'driven' together | |||||
| Fi. | akana | 'husk, chaff' | look under 'kasa' | ||
| Fi. | ankea | 'bleak, cheerless, dark, depress | < | look under 'ahdas' | |
| echinus | Fi. | ankerias | 'eel' | < | Proto-Finnic *ankerias/*angerjas |
| echidna | ↑ Baltic *angurja- | ||||
| of, ebb, after | Fi. | apaja | 'fishing ground' | < | Earlyish Proto-Finnic *apa-ja |
| awkward | Sw. | -ave, ävja; efter | 'small bay, cove; mire; after' | < | ↑ PaleoGmc *aban- |
| avig | 'inside out' | or ↑ PaleoGmc *abjōn- | |||
| or | |||||
| apple | Fi. | apila | 'clover' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *apila |
| ↑ Baltic *ābōl-s *āb-l-o | |||||
| Sw. | äpple | 'apple' | < | cf. PIE *h2b-ōl *h2b-l-o- | |
| Fi. | arina | 'fire-grate, furnace bed' | look under 'kaski' | ||
| Fi. | arpa | 'allotment, lot, dice, die' | look under 'orpo' | ||
| errand | Fi. | asia | 'matter, issue, thing' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *anćia (?*antia) |
| Sw. | ärende | 'issue' | < | ↑ EarlyGmc *(uz-)andja- | |
| Fi. | haava | 'wound' | look under 'kaataa' | ||
| Fi. | hadas/hata- | 'roots of germinating seed' | look under 'inhimillinen' | ||
| Fi. | haira- | 'err, confuse" | look under 'häiritä' | ||
| Fi. | haja- | 'dispersed' | look under 'siemen' | ||
| seek, sake | Fi. | hakea | 'fetch, seek' | < | Early Proto-Finnic *šaki- |
| Sw. | söka | 'seek, fetch' | < | ↑ PreG *sāg(e)ie/o > *sōk(i)je/a | |
| Fi. | hako | 'sprig of spruce' | look under 'sanka' | ||
| Fi. | halea, halia | 'light green, greengrey' | look under 'kelta' | ||
| Fi. | halja (-kka) | 'light blue, bluegrey' | look under 'kelta' | ||
| OE heolca | Fi. | halla | 'night frost' | < | PreF *šalna |
| ↑ Baltic *šalna | |||||
| Sw. | hal, halka < MLG? | 'slippery', 'slippery icy ground' | < | *ḱolH-n-eh2 | |
| sallow | Fi. | halpa | 'cheap, sub-standard' | look under 'suola' | |
| comb | Fi. | hammas | 'tooth' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šampas |
| gomphosis<Gr. | hampa- | ↑ Baltic *žambas | |||
| Sw. | kamm | 'comb' | < | cf. PIE *ģombho- | |
| goose | Fi. | hanhi | 'goose' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šanši |
| ↑ Baltic *žansis | |||||
| Sw. | gås | 'goose' | < | PIE *ģhh2ens | |
| Fi. | hanka | 'oarlock; gab; space between thumb and forfinger' | look under 'sanka' | ||
| hair | Fi. | harja | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šarja- | |
| ↑ Baltic *šar-ia- | |||||
| Sw. | hår | 'hair' | < | PIE *ḱēr- | |
| Fi. | hauta | 'grave, pit' | look right below under 'sanka' | ||
| seethe, | Fi. | hautoa | 'bath, brood, seethe'' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šauto- |
| sodden | ↑ Baltic šaut- | ||||
| Sw. | sjuda | 'seethe' | |||
| seethe, | Fi. | hauta | 'grave, pit' | < | PreF *šauta- |
| sodden | Sw. | sjuda | 'seethe' | < | ↑ Paleo-G *sauþa- |
| home | Fi. | heimo | 'clan, family, tribe' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šaim- |
| ↑ Baltic šaim- | |||||
| Sw. | hem | 'home' | ↑ PIE ? *ḱoimo- | ||
| or ↑ PIE ? *tḱoimo- | |||||
| home | Fi. | kaima | 'namesake' | < | Middle? Proto-Finnic *kaima- |
| ↕ Baltic *kaima- | |||||
| Sw. | hem | 'home' | ↑ Gmc *kaim- | ||
| Both Baltic and Finnic eventually borrowed from depalatalized Gmc form. | |||||
| The development of meaning hints to the sequence Gmc. > Baltic > Finnic | |||||
| Fi. | heinä | 'hay' | < | Early Proto-Finnic *šain- (~saami) < | |
| Fi. | heittää | 'throw, fling' | look under 'siemen' | ||
| lukewarm, lee | Fi. | helle, helte- | 'summer heat' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šelteš |
| caloric < Lat. | ↑ Baltic *šiltas (?*šiltis?) | ||||
| Sw. | ljum < *ḱleh1-u-m- | 'tepid' | PIE *ḱl(h1)-to- | ||
| Fi. | helppo | 'easy' | look under 'kelvata' | ||
| Fi. | herhiläinen | 'large wasp, hornet' | look under 'sarvi' | ||
| corn, kernel | Fi. | herne | 'pea' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šerneš |
| grain < Lat. | < | ↑ Balt. *žirnis | |||
| cf. Blt/Slv. *źirn- | |||||
| Sw. | korn, kärna | 'barley' ; 'kernel' | cf. PIE *ģrh2-no- | ||
| since | Fi. | hidas | 'slow' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šitas |
| Latin serus | Sw. | sist | 'last, latest' | < | ↑ ProtoGmc *sīþuz |
| Sw. | sen | 'late; slow' | |||
| side | or ↑ ProtoGmc *sīđaz | ||||
| Fi. | seula | 'sieve, siffer, riddle' | < | Proto-Finnic *sēkla- | |
| Sw. | såll, sedan | 'sieve, siffer, riddle'; 'later' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *sēđla/*sēþla | |
| Sw. | sina | 'deplete, go dry' < 'wither, fade' | |||
| Fi. | hieman | 'a little' | look under 'siemen' | ||
| Fi. | hieta | 'sand' | look under 'siemen' | ||
| Fi. | hinta | 'price' | look under 'sata' | ||
| Fi. | hirsi | 'beam' | look under 'karsina' | ||
| Fi. | hirvi, hirvas | 'elk, moose', 'male hart' | look under 'sarvi' | ||
| shine | Fi. | hoitaa | 'look after, take care of, tend' | < | Earlyish Proto Finnic *čōj(i)-ta- |
| cf. hoiva | ↑ Early PIr. *(s)tsāy- | ||||
| cf. PI-Ir *sḱāyā́- | |||||
| The genetic relation between the Greco-Aryan forms and | |||||
| the NW-PIE-forms is controversial | |||||
| Sw. | skina, sken | 'shine; glimmer, shining' | PIE *sḱei- | ||
| shine | Fi. | suoja | 'protection, shelter' | < | Proto Finnic *sōja- |
| ↑ Late PIr. *sāy- | |||||
| Sw. | skina, sken | 'shine; glimmer, shining' | |||
| seal | Fi. | hylje, hylke(h)- | 'seal' (mammal with | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šelk-eš |
| Sw. | säl | 'seal' flippers)' | < | ↕ PreGmc. *selk-o- > *selχaz | |
| PIE *selk- 'drag, pull' | |||||
| The Gmc. word has also been proposed to be a borrowing from Finnic | |||||
| hid | Fi. | hyvä | 'good' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *čivä- |
| ↑ Early PIr. *tsiva- | |||||
| ↑ PI-Ir *ćiua- | |||||
| Sw. | hjon | 'member of household' | < | ↑ PIE *ḱiua- | |
| sorry, sore | Fi. | häiritä | 'disturb, trouble, harrass' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šajri-/*šäjri- |
| ↑ ProtoGmc *sairijan | |||||
| Sw. | sår, såra | 'wound; to insult, offend, hurt' | <~ | ||
| Fi. | haira- | 'err, confuse' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šajra- | |
| ? ↑ ProtoGmc *saira- | |||||
| sore | Fi. | sairas | 'ill, sick' | < | Late Proto-Finnic *sairas |
| ↑ NWGmc *sairaz | |||||
| Fi. | Häme | 'Häme (=Tavastia) province | look under 'Suomi' | ||
| seat | Fi. | hätä | 'emergency, distress' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šätä- |
| sit, set etc. | Sw. | såt (2.) | 'ambush' | ↑ PaleoGmc *sētā- | |
| försåt | 'ambush' | ||||
| Fi. | saatto | 'haystack' | < | Late Proto-Finnic *saatto | |
| Sw. | såte m. | ↑ Proto-Norse *sātō(n) | |||
| or ↑ Old Sc. *sāta/*sātu | |||||
| know(ledge) | Fi. | ihme | 'miracle, wonder' | < | PreF *im-eš < **(j)im-eš |
| cunning | Sw. | kunskap | 'knowledge' | ↑ PIE *ģnh3-mV- | |
| kunna | 'to be cunning' | ||||
| know(ledge) cunning | Fi. | kone | 'machine; magical cure; trick, cunning; strange' | < | PreF *kon-eš |
| gnostic < Gr. | Sw. | kunskap | 'knowledge' | ↑ PreG *gn(h3)io- | |
| kunna | 'to be cunning' | cf. PIE *ģn(h3)io- /*ģn(h3)iah2- | |||
| kin, kind | Fi. | inhi-m-illinen | 'human' (> ihminen 'man') | < | PreF *inši- (**jinši-) 'descendant' |
| genus < Lat | Sw. | kön, konung | 'kin, king' | ↑ PIE *ģnh1-e/o- or *ģnh1-ie/o- | |
| NB. The phonotaxis of **jinši- | |||||
| was not possible in Pre-Finnic | |||||
| kin, kind; natal < Lat. | Fi. | syntyä | 'to be born' | < | *sen-tü < PF-P *sentV- 'to be born, become, grow, increase' |
| ↑ Early PIr. dzen(h1)- | |||||
| Sw. | kön, konung | 'kin, king' | cf. PIE *ģenh1- | ||
| kin, kind | Fi. | hadas/hata- | 'roots of germinating seed' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *čata(s) |
| germinate<Lat. | ↑ PIr. *dzātas past part. | ||||
| cf. PI-I *j´āta-s | |||||
| Sw. | kön, konung | 'kin, king' | |||
| kin, kind | Fi. | kunnia | 'honour' | < | Late Proto-Finnic *kunnia |
| Sw. | kön, konung | 'kin, king' | < | ↑ Gmc/ON *kunja | |
| king | Fi. | kuningas | 'king' | < | Late Proto-Finnic *kuningas/ kuninka-ha (see comment below) |
| Sw. | kön, konung | 'kin, king' | < | ↑ NWGmc *kuningaz | |
| The Finnic phonotactics reveals a youngish borrowing, certainly not Paleo-Gmc. | |||||
| An older borrowing would render **kuni- + possibly some Finnic suffix | |||||
| Fi. | itää | 'germinate' | < Pre-Finnic *(j)i-tä- <- PIE g'eiH-d- | ||
| Tiu, Tues(day) | Fi. | juma-la | 'god' | < | PreF *juma- |
| deity, diurnal | ↑ PI-A *diumān-, *diumna- | ||||
| Sw. | Ty(r), tisdag | name of god', 'Tuesday' | |||
| Tiu, Tues(day) | Fi. | toivo | 'hope, forecast, belief' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *tojvo- |
| deity, diurnal | ↑ PI-A *dāiva- | ||||
| Sw. | Ty(r), tisdag | 'name of god', 'Tuesday' | cf. PIE *dēiuo- | ||
| Tiu, Tues(day) | Fi. | taivas | 'heaven, sky' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *tajvas |
| diurnal, deity | ↑ PIr *daiua- | ||||
| or probably not ↑ Baltic *deivas | |||||
| Sw. | Ty(r), tisdag | 'name of god', 'Tuesday' | |||
| gust, gush | Fi. | juoda | 'drink' | < | PFU *juχi- */juxi-/ |
| funnel < Lat. | ↑ PIA *ģuģhéu- *ģuģhú- | ||||
| Sw. | gjuta | 'pour' | cf. PIE root *ģheu- | ||
| wide | Fi. | juoni | 'line, row; course, path, route; | < | Early Proto Finnic *jōni |
| intrigue, plot' | ↑ PIA *iāna- (< PIE *h1ie-h2-n-) | ||||
| Sw. | vid | 'wide' (< *ui-h1i-tó-) | cf. PIE *h1ei- | ||
| ed | 'istmus' (< Gmc. *ai-da) | ||||
| zein < Gr. | Fi. | jyvä | 'grain, seed' | < | PF-P *jüvä < **jevä- |
| prolamine pro- | ↑ PreBaltic=PIE (PreI-Ir) *ieuo- | ||||
| tein derived | |||||
| from corn' | |||||
| Fi. | järvi | 'lake' | look under 'udar' | ||
| go, gate | Fi. | jäädä | 'stay, remain' | < | <PreF *jäχi- |
| heir < Lat. | transitive jä+ttää 'leave, | ↑ Early PI-A *ģeģhē- | |||
| release, dismiss' | |||||
| Sw. | gata, gå | 'street, gate', 'go' | cf. PIE root *ģheh1- | ||
| Fi. | jäytää | 'gnaw' | look under 'syödä' | ||
| year | Fi. | jäärä/jaara | 'ram' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *järä-/*jara- |
| < | ↑ Baltic *jeras | ||||
| Sw. | år | 'year' | PIE *ieh1-ro | ||
| shear, scrape, | Fi. | kaarna | 'bark' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *karna- |
| scharp, scar | ↑ Baltic *karna- | ||||
| Sw. | skära, skrapa, | 'cut; scrub, scrape: sharp' | |||
| skarp | |||||
| Sw. | skarn | or ↑ Proto-Norse *skarna | |||
| share | Fi. | kirves | 'ax' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *kirves |
| ↑ Baltic *kirvis | |||||
| Sw. | skära | 'sickle' | |||
| skerry < ON | Fi. | kari | 'skerry' | Late Proto-Finnic/Old Finnic *kari | |
| Sw. | skär | 'skerry' | ↑ Late Proto-Norse *skarj(a)- | ||
| hew | Fi. | kaataa | ’to fell, log, slay’; ’to pour’ | < | Pre-Finnic *kaxï- |
| Sw. | hugga | 'to fell, log; hew, slay' | < | ↑ NW Indo-European *keh2w- | |
| Fi. | haava | 'wound' ("tällä haavaa" = 'this time') | Late Proto-Finnic *haava | ||
| Sw. | hugg | 'blow, hit' 'wound (dial.)' | ↑ Early Proto-Norse *hawwa- | ||
| Fi. | kahdeksan '8' | < kahd(e)-teksan 'two less than ten' | look under '-teksa' | ||
| Fi. | kaima | 'namesake' | look under 'heimo' | ||
| ale | Fi. | kalja | '(weak) beer' | < | PreF *kali-ja or *kali-ta |
| ↑ PIE *h2eleuio | |||||
| Sw. | öl | 'beer' | or ↑ PIE *h2el-u-(t) | ||
| ale | Fi. | olut | 'beer' | < | Proto-Finnic *olut |
| Sw. | öl | 'beer' | < | ↑ Gmc. *aluþ (or baltic cognate) | |
| elf | Fi. | kalvas, kalp- | 'pale' | < | PreF *kalp- |
| Sw. | älva; älv | 'elf, river' | < | ↑ PIE *h2elbho- | |
| Hanse<Germ. | Fi. | kansa | 'people' | < | PreF *kansa |
| Sw. | Hansan | 'the Hansa' | < | ↕ PaleoGmc. *kansā- | |
| The direction of the borrowing most probably Gmc. => Finnic because -ns- did not exist in PFU | |||||
| Fi. | kari | 'skerry' | look under 'kaarna' | ||
| harness, herald | Fi. | karja | 'cattle, livestock' | < | Middle Proto Finnic *karja |
| harry, harbor | Sw. | här, härja | 'army, host', 'harry, sack' | ↑ Gmc. *χarja- | |
| or ↑ Baltic *karja- | |||||
| Fi. | Karjaa, Karja(h)- | '(topon.) ancient coastal parish 50 miles WSW from Helsinki' | < | Proto Finnic *Karjas-, *Karjah- | |
| Sw. | här, härja | 'army, host', 'harry, sack' | < | ↑ Gmc. *χarjaz or *Χarjaz (name) | |
| Karis <= Fi *Karjas | 'name of same coastal parish' | ||||
| (propably the village of 'Hīrdal' in same region is a false cognate) | |||||
| yard | Fi. | karsina | 'pen' | < | Middle Proto Finnic *kartina |
| garden | Sw. | gård, gärde | 'yard, farm', 'field, fence' | <~ | ↑ Baltic *gardina- |
| yard, garden, | Fi. | hirsi | 'beam' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *širti- |
| court <Lat. | ↑ Early Middle Slavic *džirdi- | ||||
| Sw. | gärde, gård | 'yard, farm', 'field, fence' | < | cf. PIE *ģherdh- | |
| edge, hammer | Fi. | kasa | 'sharp point, edge' | < | PreF *kaća- |
| acrid < Lat. | Sw. | hammare, egg | 'edge', 'hammer' | < | ↑ PIE *h2eḱieh2 |
| = *[]h2aḱiah2] | |||||
| edge, hammer | Fi. | äes, äke- | 'harrow' | < | Middle Proto-F *äkes-/*akes- |
| acrid < Lat. | ↑ Baltic *aket- | ||||
| Sw. | egg | 'edge' | |||
| ear, awn | Fi. | ohra | 'barley' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *oštra- |
| acrid < Latin | Sw. | ag (agg?), abborre | Cladium Mariscus (grudge, anger); | ↑ Baltic | |
| perch (Percus Fluvialis) | cf. PIE h2eḱ-t-r- | ||||
| ear, awn | Fi. | ohdake (=ohta+ke) | 'thistle' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *ošta- (+kkeš) |
| acrid < Latin | ↑ Baltic *a(k)sta- / *a(k)šta- | ||||
| or ↑ Proto Slavic *ōstь | |||||
| Sw. | ag (agg?), abborre | Cladium Mariscus (grudge, anger); | cf. PIE h2eḱ-t-i- | ||
| perch (Percus Fluvialis) | *NB. I have exchanged the bad Baltic | ||||
| &Slavic originals given by SSA & NSESK | |||||
| ear, awn | Fi. | aaja | 'end, limits, extreme' | < | Late Proto Finnic *akja- |
| Sw. | agn | 'husk, chaff' | ↑ Gmc *aʒjō | ||
| ear, awn | Fi. | akana | 'husk, chaff' | < | Late Proto Finnic *akana- |
| Sw. | agn | 'husk, chaff' | ↑ Gmc *agano: | ||
| ashes | Fi. | kaski | 'burnt-over clearing' | < | PreF *kaski / *kaśki |
| area, are < Latin | Sw. | aska | 'ashes' | < | ↑ PIE/PreG *h2e(h1)sg- |
| ardent < Latin | Fi. | ahjo | 'forge, furnace, hearth' | < | Proto-F *ašjo- |
| Sw. | ässja | 'forge' | ↑ Gmc *asjōn- | ||
| ashes | Fi. | aho | 'abandoned burnt over field' | < | Late Proto-F *ašo- |
| Sw. | aska | 'ashes' | ↑ Gmc *az-V-/as-V- | ||
| ashes | Fi. | ahku | 'cinder' | < | Late Proto-F *ašku- |
| Sw. | aska | 'ashes' | ↑ Late PN *asku(n) (oblique case) | ||
| or ↑ Gmc *azgōn | |||||
| Ara < 'altar' | Fi. | arina | 'fire-grate, furnace bed' | < | Late Proto Finnic *arina- |
| Sw. | äril (dial. ären, ar | 'stove, fireplace, bottom of baking oven' | ↑ Late PN runic inscription aRina 'altar for burned offering' |
||
| from Gmc *azina- | |||||
| woodwaxen | Fi. | kasvaa | 'to grow' | < | PreF *kasva- (with metathesis) |
| augment <Lat. | ↑ PIE *h2eugs- | ||||
| Sw. | växa | 'to grow' | < | cf. PIE *h2uogs- | |
| Sw. | öka | to increase' | < | cf. PIE *h2eug- | |
| Sw. | och | and' | |||
| get, guess | Fi. | katsoa | 'look' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *kaćća- |
| Sw. | (dial.) gäta | 'watch' | <~ | ↑ NW Gmc. *gātija- <*gētija- | |
| Fi. | kaula | 'neck' | look under 'kulke-' | ||
| shape | Fi. | kave, kape(h)- | 'creature; mythological being; girl, maiden (myth)' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *kap-eš- |
| Sw. | skap n. pl. | 'genitals' | < | ↑ Early Gmc *skapa- | |
| hoof | Fi. | kavio | 'hoof' | < | Early Proto-Finnic *kapa-ja- |
| Sw. | hov | 'hoof' | < | ↑ Paleo-Gmc *kāpa- > *χōfa- | |
| PIE *ḱōph2o- | |||||
| help | Fi. | kelvata, kelpa- | 'be acceptable, be fit' | < | Middle Proto-F *kelpa- |
| Sw. | hjälpa | 'help' | < | ↑ Paleo-Gmc *kelba- (or >*χelpa-) | |
| Fi. | helppo | 'easy' | < | Late Proto-Finnic *helppo- | |
| Sw. | hjälp | 'help' | ↑ NWGmc *helpō- PN. helpu- | ||
| yellow, gold, | Fi. | kelta | 'yellow' | < | Middle Proto Finnic *kelta- |
| glimmer, | <~ | ↑ Northern Baltic *geltas | |||
| glitter etc. | |||||
| Sw. | gul, guld, | 'yellow', 'gold', 'glimmer', | cf. PIE *ģhelh3-to- | ||
| glimmer, glitter | 'glitter' | ||||
| yellow, glass, | Fi. | halja (-kka) | 'light blue, bluegrey' | < | Middle Proto Finnic *šalja- |
| chlorite < Gr. | Fi. | halea, halia | 'light green, greengrey' | < | Middle Proto Finnic *šaliða- |
| ↑ Northern Baltic *žalias | |||||
| Sw. | gul, glas | 'yellow', glass' | <~ | PIE *ģholh3-io- | |
| yellow, gold | Fi. | kulta | 'gold' | < | Late Proto Finnic *kulta- |
| zloty < Polish | Sw. | guld | 'gold' | <~ | ↑ Gmc *gulþa- |
| PIE *ģhlh3-to- | |||||
| herd, shepherd | Fi. | kerta | 'time (occasion), turn, once; layer' | < | PreF *kertä- |
| ↑ Baltic *kerdā- | |||||
| Sw. | hjord | 'herd', 'bodyguard' | < | or ↑ PreGmc *kerdhā- | |
| cf. PIE *ḱerdheh2- 'row, group' | |||||
| is (to be), yes | Fi. | kesä | 'summer' | < | PFU *kesä |
| essence < Lat. | Sw. | är | 'is' | <~ | ↑ PIE *h1es-en- |
| ~ / *h1os-en-/-er- | |||||
| Fi. | kirves | 'ax' | look under 'kaarna' | ||
| eye | Fi. | kokea | 'to perceive, sense' | < | PU *koki- |
| optic etc < gr. | Sw. | öga | 'eye' | ↑ PIE *h3ekw-ie/o | |
| Fi. | kone | 'machine; magical cure; trick, cunning; strange' | look under 'ihme' | ||
| wheel | Fi. | kulke- | 'to go, wander, move' | < | PFU *kulki- |
| Sw. | hjul, ?hals | 'wheel', 'neck' | <~ | ↑ PIE *kwelH-e/o- | |
| (wheel) ?hawse | Fi. | kaula | 'neck' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *kakla |
| ↑ Northern Baltic *kakla-s 'neck' | |||||
| Sw. | ?hals | 'neck' | <~ | < PIE ?*kwokwlom? | |
| ~*kwekwlo-? | |||||
| Fi. | kulta | 'gold' | look under 'kelta' | ||
| Fi. | kuningas | 'king' | look under 'inhi-millinen' | ||
| Fi. | kunnia | 'honour' | look under 'inhi-millinen' | ||
| bequest, quoth, | Fi. | kutsua | 'call' | < | PreF *kućć- |
| bequeath | Sw. | kväda, kväde | 'speak, recite' ; 'saying, poem' | ↑ PreGmc *gwet-i- | |
| or ↑ Blt/Slv *kwaitia- | |||||
| quail, kill | Fi. | kylmä | 'cold' | < | PreF *kelmi- or *külmi- |
| quell | ↑ Balt.*gel-u-má | ||||
| or ↑ PreBlt/Slv *gwel(h1)-mo- | |||||
| Sw. | kvalm, kval, | smoke, steam'; 'anguish, tor- | |||
| kväll | ment '; 'evening' | ||||
| come, become, | Fi. | Kymi | '(topon.) river in South. Finl.' | < | Proto-Finnic *kümi- |
| venue < Lat. | Sw. | bekväm, komma | 'comfortable', 'come' | ↑ Early Gmc. *kwēmia- | |
| Sw. | ?Kymmen | hydronym in Arvika/Sunne Sweden | 'accessible, navigable' | ||
| Sw. | Kymmene <= Fi.? | 'same river in Southern Finland' | cf. PIE gwēmia | ||
| cook, kitchen | Fi. | kypsä | 'ripe' | < | PreF *küpti- or *kepti- |
| peptic < Gr. | ↑ Balt. *kep-tá or PreBalt. *kwep-tó | ||||
| Sw. | koka, kök | 'cook', 'kitchen' | < | cf. PIE *pekw-tó- / *kwekw-tó- | |
| hard, hardy | Fi. | kärsiä | 'suffer, endure' | < | PreF *kärti- |
| cancer < Lat. | Sw. | (ut)härda | 'harden (endure)' | < | ↑ Pre-Gmc *kart-i- > *χarđ(w)ja- |
| harrow | Fi. | kärväs; kärpä- | 'trunk with branchstumps as rack'; '(also) grapnel' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *kärpä- |
| Sw. | harv | 'harrow' | < | ↑ Early Proto-Gmc. *χarƀaz | |
| shy | Fi. | köyhä | 'poor' | < | Proto-Finnic *keüɧä- |
| Sw. | skygg | 'timid' | ↑ Early Gmc *skeuχwa- | ||
| Fi. | laaka | 'flat, plain' | look under 'lieka' | ||
| Fi. | laho | 'decayed/rotten tree(-trunk)' | look under 'lieka' | ||
| Fi. | lahti | 'bay' | < | Early Proto Finnic *lakti- (~saami] <- P | |
| less | Fi. | laiha | 'lean, thin, meagre' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *laiša- |
| least | Sw. | lite-n/-t, lilla | 'small' | < | ↑ Baltic *laisas |
| land | Fi. | lansi | 'lowland, low' | < | PreF *lonta/-mta (*/lëmti-/??) |
| Sw. | land | 'land' | <~ | ↑ PreGmc. *londho-/lomdho- | |
| glove | Fi. | lasta | 'spattle, spatula, trowel' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *lasta |
| ↑ Baltic *lāpstā | |||||
| Sw. | lov; love, labb | 'oarblade, tack'; 'palm of hand' | |||
| blade | Fi. | lehti | 'leaf, sheet' | < | PreF *lešti |
| Sw. | blad | 'leaf, sheet, blade' | < | ↑ PIE/PreG *bhl(e)h1-tó | |
| or(??) ↑ Baltic *lakštas | |||||
| lie, lay, layer | Fi. | lieka | 'tether' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *lēka |
| low, law, ledge | Sw. | låg, lag, ligga | 'low, law, lie' | < | ↑ PaleoGmc. *lēgā |
| lie, lay, layer | Fi. | lieko | 'windfallen tree, waterlogged/ decayed treetrunk' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *lēko |
| low, law, ledge | Sw. | låg, lag, ligga | 'low, law, lie' | < | ↑ PaleoGmc. *lēgō or Gmc *lēʒō |
| lie, lay, layer | Fi. | laho | 'decayed/rotten tree(-trunk)' | < | Late Proto-Finnic *laɧo |
| low, law, ledge | Sw. | låg, lag, ligga | 'low, law, lie' | < | ↑ NW Gmc. *lāʒō |
| lie, lay, layer | Fi. | laaka | 'flat, plain' | < | Late Proto-Finnic *lāka |
| low, law, ledge | Sw. | låg, lag, ligga | 'low, law, lie' | <~ | ↑ Proto-Norse *lāʒaR |
| Fi. | lohi | 'salmon' | < | Early Proto-Finnic *loši- (~saami) <- B | |
| OE. hlūt(t)or | Fi. | luuta | 'besom, broom' | < | Latvian? (Proto?-)Finnic *luuta- |
| ↑ Baltic sluota- <*šlōta- or > *šlūta | |||||
| Sw. | lutter | 'sheer, pure' | |||
| lot | Fi. | löytää | 'to find, obtain' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *leütä- <*levtä- |
| Sw. | ljuta (lott n.) | 'to encounter (death)' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *χleuta- | |
| <PIE *kl(e)u-d- | |||||
| may, might | Fi. | mahtaa | 'may, should'; 'boast, be mighty' | < | PreF *maš-ta- |
| machine < Gr. | Sw. | må | 'may' | ↑ ? Early Gmc *maʒan | |
| many | Fi. | maksaa | 'to pay' | < | PFU *maksa- */måkså-/ |
| ↑ PIr *ma(n)dza | |||||
| Sw. | mången | 'many' | < | cf. PIE *men(e)gh-*mon(e)gh- | |
| many | Fi. | moni | 'many' | < | Pre-F *moni |
| Sw. | mången | 'many' | ↑ ??? relation unclear/uncertain | ||
| cf. PIE *men(e)gh-*mon(e)gh- | |||||
| malt | Fi. | mallas, malta- | 'malt' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *maltas- |
| Sw. | malt | 'malt' | < | ↑ PreGmc *maldaz | |
| or ↑ Gmc.*maltaz | |||||
| melt, smelt | Fi. | melto (-rauta) | 'weak', 'forgeable (iron)' | < | Middle-Proto-F *melto- |
| Sw. | smälta (n.) | 'molten metal' | ↑ EarlyGmc. *melta- | ||
| or ↑ Early Gmc. *smelta- | |||||
| murder | Fi. | marras | 'bound to die, dead, etc.' | < | PreF *marta-s |
| mortal < Lat. | Sw. | mord | 'murder' | <~ | ↑ PI-Ir *mrtá-s |
| murder | Fi. | murha | 'murder' | < | Proto-Finnic *murɧa- |
| Sw. | mord | 'murder' | <~> | ↑ Gmc. *murþra- | |
| moth | Fi. | mato | 'worm' | < | PreF *mača-/*mačo- |
| Sw. | mott | 'moth' | ↑ Early PIr *matsa | ||
| Sw. | mask | 'worm' | |||
| Gmc. | *muþþō- | ← borrowed from Proto-Saami *m(u)očo-(j-) (cf. upper right) | |||
| Gmc. | *maþō- | ?? ← borrowed from Middle Proto-Finnic *mača-/*mačo- | |||
| Gmc. not cognate to Indo-Iranian or Baltic | |||||
| Fi. | mehi-läinen | 'honeybee' | PFU *mekše- < PrI-Ir *mekši > OInd | ||
| Fi. | melto (-rauta) | 'weak', 'forgeable (iron)' | look under 'mallas' | ||
| marsh, mere | Fi. | meri | '(salt) sea' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *meri |
| murmaid | ↑ ?Baltic *mari- < PIE *mori- | ||||
| The vowel correspondance is bad | |||||
| but corresponds to reki < *rāge- | |||||
| mead | Fi. | mesi, mete- | 'honey' | < | PFU *meti- |
| Sw. | mjöd | 'mead' | <~ | ↑ Early PI-Ir *medhu | |
| mid(dle) | Fi. | metsä | 'forest' | < | PreF *meććä- |
| medial < Lat | ↑ Baltic *media- 'woods on outskirts/fringeland' | ||||
| Sw. | mid-, medel | 'mid', 'mid, means' | cf. PIE *medhio-/medhi- | ||
| Fi. | moni | 'many' | look under 'maksaa' | ||
| marten<Romance | Fi. | morsian | 'bride' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *mortian |
| ↑ Baltic *marti(j)a- | |||||
| Sw. | mård | 'marten' | |||
| meet(ly),must | Fi. | muoto | 'shape, form' | < | Middle-Proto-F *mōto- |
| mode, model, | Sw. | mäta, mått | 'measure (v.), (n.)' | <~ | ↑ PreGmc. *mōda- |
| modify < Lat. | or ↑ Gmc.*mōta- | ||||
| Fi. | murha | 'murder' | look under 'marras' | ||
| mean, miss(-) | Fi. | myy-/myö- | 'to sell, to give' | < | PU *meχi- */mexi-/ |
| mutate, com- | Sw. | men, men- | 'harm, detriment', 'harmful' | < | ↑ PIE *h2mei(H)- |
| mute, mutual, | gemen(-sam) | 'joint, common' | |||
| migrate < Lat. | missa, miss- | 'to miss', 'miss-' | |||
| Fi. | naa-ras | 'female (of animal)' | look under 'marras' | ||
| queen | Fi. | nai-nen | 'woman' | < | PU *näχi- (> *naχï-) (*/näxi/naxï/) |
| Fi. | naa-ras | 'female (of animal)' | ↑ PIE *gwneh2- | ||
| Sw. | kvinna (kona) | 'woman' | < | cf. *gwenh2- | |
| nave, navel | Fi. | napa | 'navel; hub, nave; pole' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *napa- |
| ↑ Baltic *naba- | |||||
| Sw. | nav, navel | 'hub; navel' | < | or ↑ Gmc *naƀō- (cf. *naƀalō-) | |
| cf. PIE h3(e)nobh- | |||||
| auger | Fi. | napakaira | 'auger' | < | Late Proto-Finnic *napakaira- |
| Sw. | navare | 'auger' | < | ↑ Proto-Norse *naƀagaiRa- | |
| need/OE neod | Fi. | nauta | 'cattle' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *navta- |
| contamination | Sw. | nöt | 'cattle' | < | ↑ PreGmc. *nauda- |
| of unrelated | or ↑ Gmc.*nauta- | ||||
| words, 'neod' | |||||
| is true cognate | |||||
| need/OE neod | Fi. | nauttia | 'consume, enjoy' | < | Late Proto-F *nautti- |
| Sw. | nöta | wear (out/off), enjoy' | < | ↑ Gmc. *naut(i)ja- | |
| Fi. | neula | 'needle' | look just below under 'niisi' | ||
| needle | Fi. | niisi, niide- | 'heddle' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *nīti- |
| snood | ↑ Baltic *nīti- | ||||
| Sw. | nåt, nål, snöre, | 'seam, joint', 'needle', 'wind, twist', | cf. PIE (s)nh1i-t-i- | ||
| sno, naja < Holl. | 'string', 'lash, bind' | ||||
| needle | Fi. | neula | 'needle' | < | Proto-Finnic *nēkla- |
| Sw. | nål, nåt | 'needle' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *nēþla | |
| name | Fi. | nimi | 'name' | < | PU *nimi |
| name | Sw. | namn | 'name' | <~ | ↑ PIE *(H)nmen- (oblique stem) |
| Fi. | ohdake (=ohta+ke) | 'thistle' | look under 'kasa' | ||
| Fi. | ohra | 'barley' | look under 'kasa' | ||
| Fi. | oinas | 'castrated ram' | look under 'uuhi' | ||
| Fi. | olut | 'beer' | look under 'kalja' | ||
| angle, Angle | Fi. | onki | 'fish hook' | < | PreF *onki |
| English | Sw. | angel, ankare | 'fish hook', 'english' | ↑ PreGmc *anga-n < *onko- | |
| or ↑ PIA *anká- | |||||
| wish, win | Fi. | onni | 'happiness, luck, fortune' | < | PreF *vonni- |
| winsome, | Sw. | önskan, vän, | 'wish', 'friend' | <~ | ↑ PreG *wn(H)iā- |
| Venus < Lat. | under, vänta | 'wonder', 'wait' | <PIE *u(e)nH- | ||
| awl | Fi. | ora | thorn, prickle, awl' | < | PFU *ora- */orå-/ |
| ↑ PI-Ir *ārā | |||||
| Sw. | ål (archaic) | 'awl' | < Late PIE *ēlā | ||
| else | Fi. | orja | 'slave' | < | PreF *orja- |
| alias < Lat. | ↑ PI-A *arí- 'alien (> host)' | ||||
| Aryan, Iran <OInd./Farsi | Sw. | eljest, elände, | 'else/otherwise, Aryan, Iran' | cf. Gmc. *'gastiz' ~ Lat. 'hostis' | |
| eller, arier, Iran | |||||
| OR ALTERNATIV | |||||
| work | Fi. | orja | 'slave' | PreF *worja- | |
| urge < Latin | Sw. | verk | 'work, deed', 'works' | ↑ PIE *uorģó- | |
| work | Fi. | pyrkiä | ‘strive, work for’ | Middle Proto-Finnic *pürki- / *purki | |
| urge < Latin | Sw. | yrka | 'call for, urge, press for' | ↑ Early Gmc. *wurkija- | |
| cf. PIE *urģ- | |||||
| orphan < gr. | Fi. | orpo, orpa-na | 'orphan' | < | PFU *orpa- */orpå-/ |
| robot < czech | ↑ PIA or PIr *arbha-s | ||||
| Sw. | arvode, arbete | 'remuneration < work' ; 'work' | < | PIE *Hórbho- 'deprived' | |
| orphan < gr. | Fi. | arpa | 'allotment, lot, dice, die' | < | Middle Proto-F *arpa- |
| Sw. | arv | 'inheritance, allotment' | <~ | ↑ Gmc. *arƀ(i)a- | |
| enough | Fi. | osa | 'part, share' | < | PreF *ośa < *onśå |
| enough | ↑ PI-A *anća- | ||||
| cf. PIE *h2onḱ-o- | |||||
| Sw. | nog | 'enough' | cf. PIE *h2nōḱ-o- | ||
| ware (noun) | Fi. | os-taa v. | 'to buy' | < | PFU *wosa */woså/ 'merchandise' |
| Sw. | vara | 'merchandise' | < | ↑ PIE *uosā < *uoseh2 | |
| For Germanic cognates see Kluge/Seebold s.v. "Ware" | |||||
| ware (noun) | Fi. | varasto | 'warehouse' | < | Late Proto-F *vara-sto |
| Sw. | varuhus | 'department store' | <~ | ?↑? Proto Norse *warō-hūsa- | |
| or ?↑? Proto Norse *wara- look | |||||
| end | Fi. | otsa | 'forehead' | < | PreF *onćća- |
| end | Sw. | än, ände, ännnu, | 'even', 'end', 'still' | <~ | ↑ Early Gmc. *anþia-z < *ántio- |
| änne (arch. dial.) | 'forehead' | cf. PIE *h2entiós 'above, last' | |||
| arctic < Latin | Fi. | otso (ohto) | 'bear' | < | PreF *okti- |
| ursine < Latin | ? ↑ Western IE *(h2)ŗkstós | ||||
| (presumably Pre-Germanic) | |||||
| cf. early PIE *h2ŗtsḱós | |||||
| The expected substitution of syllabic -ŗ- would be /-or-/ but **orkti | |||||
| would be impossible because PreF does not allow any cluster of | |||||
| three consonants. The stemvowel is expected in the oldest loans. | |||||
| fold | Fi. | palsi | 'hard layer of soil'; 'dry edge of clay or gravel' | < | PreF *palti- |
| fauteuil | Sw. | fåll | 'hem' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *falþa- < *pol-to- |
| spleen | Fi. | perna | 'spleen' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *perna |
| < romance | ↑ PIr *sprz-n- (weak stem) | ||||
| cf. PIE *splǵʰ-n- | |||||
| farrow | Fi. | porsas | (little) pig, piglet' | < | PreF *porćas |
| pork < Lat. | ↑ Blt/Slv *parśas | ||||
| or ↑ NWPIE *porḱos | |||||
| full, plenary, | Fi. | pullea | 'plump, chubby' | < | Early Proto-Finnic *puln- |
| folk, plenty | Sw. | full | 'full' | < | ↑ PaleoGmc. *fulna- |
| ball, bowl, bull | Sw. | boll, bulle, bula | ??or ↑ PaleoGmc. *buln- | ||
| spin, spider | Fi. | punoa | 'to plait, twine, spin' | < | PU *punå- (*punï-) |
| Sw. | spinna | 'to spin' | <~ | ↑ PIE *pnH-e/o ~*spenH- | |
| borer | Fi. | pura | borer, awl' | < | PU *purå(-) |
| Sw. | borr | 'drill' | < | ↑ PIE *bhrH- | |
| board | Fi. | pursi | '(small) yacht', 'vessel' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *purti- |
| cf. 'on board' | Sw. | (om)bord | '(on) board' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *burđa- |
| beam | Fi. | puu | 'tree, wood' | < | PU *puxï- |
| <~ | ↑ PIE *bhuH-/bhouH- | ||||
| Fi. | pyrkiä | ‘strive, work for’ | look under 'orja' | ||
| forbid, bid | Fi. | pöytä | 'table' | < | Middle Proto-F *beütä- |
| Buddha<OInd. | Sw. | bjuda | 'to bid, offer, command' | ↑ Early Gmc *beuđa-(z) | |
| right | Fi. | raaja | 'limb' | < | Earlyish Proto-Finnic *rakja |
| rake, rack | Sw. | räcka, rätt | extend, stretch out, reach; be sufficient'; 'right, justice' | < | ↑ Early Gmc *rakja- |
| rand | Fi. | rasia | 'small box' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *ranćia (?*rantia |
| Sw. | rand, rände | 'brim, brink', 'frame brim' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *randia | |
| round, roll, | Fi. | ratas, ratta(h)- | 'wheel', (pl) 'cart' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *rattas- |
| rotate < Lat. | Sw. | ratt | 'steering wheel' | < | ↑ Balt *ratas |
| PIE *(H)roth2-o- | |||||
| ride | Fi. | ratsas-(taa) | rider' ('to ride') | < | Late PreF *raććas |
| ready, road | Sw. | reda, redan, redd, | 'prepare', 'already'; 'roadstead', | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *raiđia- |
| redo, räd, rida | 'ready', 'raid', 'ride' | ||||
| red, rust | Fi. | rauta | 'iron' | < | Pre-F *ravta- (or Proto-F *rauta-) |
| robust < Lat. | Sw. | röd, rost | 'rust, red' | < | ↑ Paleo Gmc.*rauda- |
| or ↑ Blt/slv.or Early Mid.Slv *raudā- | |||||
| cf. PIE *h1roudh-o- | |||||
| rust | Fi. | ruoste | 'rust' | < | Proto-Finnic *rost-eš |
| Sw. | rost | 'rust' | < | ↑ Gmc *rusta- = *[rosta-]? | |
| read, hatred, kindred | Fi. | rehto | 'row, line; side; stratum' | < | PreF *rešto |
| reason < romanc | Sw. | rad | 'row, stack, pile' | < | ↑ PIE *h2rh1-to- / *h2rh1-teh2- |
| brow, | Fi. | reuna | 'edge' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *revna |
| ?bridge | ↑ Northern Baltic *breuna- | ||||
| Sw. | bryn<*brūniR (pl.) | 'edge, brow' | < | cf. PIE *h3bhreuH-neh2? | |
| fresh | Fi. | rieska | < | Proto-Finnic or later? *re(e)ska- | |
| ↑ Northern Baltic *preiska- | |||||
| Sw. | färsk, frisk | < | or ↑ Later Baltic *prieska- | ||
| wry, wriggle | Fi. | rihma | 'filament, thread' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *rišma- |
| wrist, wrestle | < | ↑ Baltic *rišima-/*rišama- | |||
| cf. verb *rišti 'tie, bind' | |||||
| Sw. | vricka, vrist | 'sprain, twist, scull'; 'ankle'; | cf. PIE *uriḱ-tei 'twist, weave, | ||
| ?vränga | 'turn inside out, distort, twist' | tie together' | |||
| grow, grass | Fi. | rohto | 'medical plant, green herb' | < | PreF *rošto- |
| Sw. | grodd | 'germ (shoot)' | < | ↑ PreG *ghroH-tu- | |
| or ↑ PreG *ghroH-to-(n-) | |||||
| grass, grow | Fi. | ruoho | 'grass' | < | Proto-Finnic *rōho- |
| Sw. | gräs | 'grass' | < | ↑ Gmc *grōsō- | |
| rye | Fi. | ruis, ruki- | 'rye' | < | Proto-Finnic *rukis |
| Sw. | råg | 'rye' | ↑ Gmc *ruʒiz | ||
| or ↑ Baltic *rugiz | |||||
| Fi. | ruoho | 'grass' | look under 'rohto' | ||
| Fi. | ruoste | 'rust' | look under 'rauta' | ||
| school < Gr. | Fi. | saa-da | get, receive, achieve' | < | PreF *sëχi- |
| scheme < Gr. | ?↑ Pre I-Ir *seģh- | ||||
| Sw. | seger | 'victory' | < | cf. PIE *seģh- | |
| skola | 'school' | ||||
| Fi. | sairas | 'ill, sick' | look under 'häiritä' | ||
| gallows | Fi. | salko | 'long thin pole' | < | PreF *śalka (< *śëlka < *śïlka) |
| Sw. | galg | 'gallows' | < | ?↑ Late PIE *ģhalgha- | |
| ?↑ PIE *ģholgho- | |||||
| ?> PIE *ģhlg(h)o- > | |||||
| still, stalk, | Fi. | salvata, salpa- | 'to hinder, stall, stop' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *salpa- |
| stall, stilt, etc. | Sw. | stolpe | 'pole' | <~ | ↑ Early Gmc. *stalpa- |
| PIE *stol-b-o- | |||||
| Fi. | tulppa | 'plug, stopper' | < | Proto-Finnic *tulppa | |
| Sw. | stolpe | 'pole' | < | ↑ Gmc. *stulpan- | |
| stump | Fi. | sammas | 'statue, column (myth. upholding the firmament)' | < | PreF *sampa-s |
| ↑ PI-A *stambhas | |||||
| Sw. | stump | 'remaining stump of cut off' | <~ | PIE *st(e)mbh- (~*st(e)mb-?) | |
| hinge (hang) | Fi. | sanka | 'bail, handle' | < | Pre-Finnic *śaŋka- (*ćaŋka-) |
| false cognate with | ↑ Late PIE *ḱanku- or *ḱanka- | ||||
| semantic interference | |||||
| for true cognate, see: | Sw. | (dial.) hå | 'oarlock; cove' | < | Gmc *hanha- (or *hanhu-) |
| or Pokorny p.523 | |||||
| Fi. | hanka | 'oarlock; gab; space between thumb and forfinger' | < | Late Proto-Finnic *ɧanka- | |
| Sw. | (dial.) hå | 'oarlock; cove' | ↑ Gmc/PN *χanga- or *χangu- | ||
| Fi. | hako | 'sprig of spruce' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šako- | |
| ↑ Baltic *šaka- | |||||
| It is not sure whether this third etymology is truly | |||||
| cognate to the former two above | |||||
| horn, hart | Fi. | sarvi | 'horn' | < | PFU *śorwa- */śorwå-/ |
| ↑ PI-A *śrva or PIr *śraw-/*śårw- | |||||
| Sw. | horn, hjort | 'horn, hart' | < PIE *ḱer(h2)u-o- | ||
| (horn), hart | Fi. | hirvi, hirvas | 'elk, moose', 'male hart' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *širv- |
| reindeer < ON | ↑ Baltic širw- | ||||
| Sw. | hjort, ren | 'hart', reindeer' | |||
| hornet | Fi. | herhiläinen | 'large wasp, hornet' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šerši- |
| ↑ Baltic *širš- | |||||
| PIE * ḱr(h2)s-en- | |||||
| hundred | Fi. | sata | 'hundred' | < | PFU *śata */śåtå/ or */śïtå/ |
| ↑ PI-Ir *ćata- or PIA śatá- | |||||
| Sw. | hundra | 'hundred' | < PIE *ḱmtóm | ||
| hundred | Fi. | hinta | 'price' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šimta- |
| Sw. | hundra | 'hundred' | ↑ East Baltic *šimta- | ||
| Fi. | sata-ma | 'boat-shore, harbour' | look under 'sietää' | ||
| stack | Fi. | sauna | 'sauna, Finnish steam bath' | < | Proto-Finnic *sakna- 'sauna stove (< stone stack)' |
| Sw. | stack | 'stack' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *staʒna- | |
| Fi. | saura | 'pole, stake, stick' | look under 'sietää' | ||
| side | Fi. | seula | 'sieve, siffer, riddle' | look under 'hidas' | |
| seed, sow | Fi. | siemen | 'seed' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *sēmen- |
| disseminate, | ↑ Baltic. *sē-men- | ||||
| season < Lat. | Sw. | säd, så | 'seed', 'sow' | < | cf. PIE *seh1- |
| Fi. | heittää | 'throw, fling' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šej-ttä- | |
| Sw. | så, säd | 'sow', 'seed' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *sēja-/*sēje- | |
| cf. PIE *seh1- | |||||
| Fi. | hieman | 'a little' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šēma- | |
| Sw. | så, säd, sämre | 'sow', 'seed' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *sēma- | |
| Fi. | hieta | 'sand' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šēta- | |
| Sw. | så, säd | 'sow', 'seed' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *sēdō- | |
| Fi. | haja- | 'dispersed' | < | (Late) Middle Proto-Finnic *šaja- | |
| Sw. | så, säd | 'sow', 'seed' | < | ↑ North-West Gmc. *sāja- | |
| cf. PIE *seh1- | |||||
| stand | Fi. | sietää | 'bear, tolerate' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *sē-tä- |
| Sw. | stå; stå ut (med) | 'stand; endure, last, bear, tolerate, suffer' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. ?*stē-an | |
| stead | Fi. | sata-ma | 'boat-shore, harbour' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *sata- |
| station < Lat. | Sw. | -stad | (landing/berthing) place' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *staþa |
| stow, stern, | Fi. | saura | 'pole, stake, stick' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *sapra |
| store < Lat. | Sw. | stör | 'pole, stake, stick' | < | ↑ Gmc. *staura- |
| staurolite<Gr. | |||||
| stool, stative | Fi. | talas, talo | scaffold; house, shed' | < | PFU *tala- |
| Sw. | stol | 'chair; stool' | ↑ PaleoGmc *stāla-s 'scaffold' | ||
| stall | Sw. | stall | 'stable' | or ↑ Gmc *stalla-z 'scaffold' | |
| Tellus, tellurian | or ↑ PIA *tala-s- 'base, platform' | ||||
| look also under 'talas, talo' | |||||
| sty | Fi. | sija | 'site, place, locality' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *sija- |
| Sw. | (svin)-stia | '(pig)-sty' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *stījā | |
| sister | Fi. | sisar | 'sister' | < | PreF *sisar- |
| cousin < Lat. | ↑ Baltic *sesor | ||||
| Sw. | syster | 'sister' | cf. PIE *sue-(h1)es(ō)r | ||
| cereal < Lat. | Fi. | sora | 'gravel' | < | PreF *śora- or *ćora |
| Sw. | hirs | 'millet' | ↑ PIE *ḱoro- | ||
| son | Fi. | suku | 'family' | < | PreF *suki- (verb) |
| ↑ PIE *suH- | |||||
| Sw. | son | 'son' | < | PIE *suH-nu- | |
| Fi. | suoja | 'protection, shelter' | look under 'hoitaa' | ||
| salt | Fi. | suola | 'salt' | < | PreF *soola- (or *sola-) |
| saline < Lat. | < | ↑ Blt/slv. *sālas / *sal- | |||
| PIE *sh2el-/*seh2l-o- | |||||
| Sw. | salt | 'salt' | |||
| sallow | Fi. | halpa | 'cheap, sub-standard' | < | Middle Proto Finnic *šalpa |
| Sw. | salskrake | < | ↑ Gmc *salwa- | ||
| hole, holster, hall, hell | Fi. | suoli | 'intestine, gut' | < | PFU *śola- */śolå-/ or *ćola- (/-å-/) |
| cell < Lat | Sw. | hål, hall, | 'hole', 'hall' | < | ↑ PIE *ḱolo- |
| hölja, hölster | 'cover', 'holster' | or ↑ Pre-I-A *ćōlā- | |||
| human < Lat. | Fi. | Suomi | 'Finland (-proper province)' | < | PreF *ćoma- |
| (bride)g(r)oom | Sw. | (brud)gum | 'bridegroom' | <~ | ↑ PIE *(dh)ģhmōn- |
| gumm-(a) f. | '(elderly) woman' | ||||
| humus < Lat. | Fi. | Häme | 'Häme (=Tavastia) province | < | PreF *šäm-eš < *šämä- |
| chthonic < Gr. | Sw. | same | 'saami (lapp)' <= Saami lang. | ↑ ??Baltic *žeme- | |
| cf. PIE *(dh)ģhem- | |||||
| or more likely ↑ Gmc. *[sæmaz] | |||||
| sinew | Fi. | suoni | 'blood vessel, sinew' | < | PFU *sïïni- < PU *sïHnï- |
| Sw. | sena | 'sinew' | < | ↑ PIE *sHi-nu- | |
| hound | Fi. | susi, sute- | 'wolf' | < | PreF *śunti- or *ćunti- |
| Sw. | hund | 'dog' | < | ?↑ PreG/PIE *ḱun-to- | |
| or ?↑ Blt-Slv *śun-to- | |||||
| Fi. | syntyä | 'to be born' | look under 'inhimillinen' | ||
| chew | Fi. | syödä | 'eat' | < | PFU *sewi- |
| ↑ Early PIr *dziewie- | |||||
| Sw. | tugga | < *kuggja 'chew' | < PIE *ģieuH- | ||
| chew | Fi. | jäytää | 'gnaw' | < | PreF *jev-tä |
| Sw. | tugga | < *kuggja 'chew' | <~ | ↑ Early Blt/Slv *ģieu-ie- | |
| thorn | Fi. | taarna | 'Carex, Cladium Mariscus' | < | PF-P *tarna- |
| < | ↑ PI-Ir, PIA or PIr *trná- 'grass' | ||||
| Sw. | törne | 'thorn' | |||
| Fi. | taivas | 'heaven, sky' | look under 'jumala' | ||
| Fi. | takiainen | 'bur, burdock' | look under 'taula' | ||
| Tellus, tellurian | Fi. | talas, talo | scaffold; house, shed' | < | PFU *tala- |
| look also under 'sietää' | < | ↑ PIA *tala-s- 'base, platform' | |||
| stool, stage, stative | stol | or ↑ PaleoGmc *stāla-s 'scaffold' | |||
| stall | stal | or ↑ Gmc *stalla-z 'scaffold' | |||
| or ↑ ?Baltic *tal- | |||||
| fever < Latin | Fi. | taula | 'tinder' | Earlyish Proto-Finnic *takla- | |
| day? | ↑ Baltic *dagla- | ||||
| day? | |||||
| PIE *dhōgʷho-s | |||||
| Sw. | dag | < | ↓ Gmc. *dagaz < PIE*oǵʰes- | ||
| (A contaminated form) | |||||
| foment | Fi. | takiainen | 'bur, burdock' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *takia- (takkia-) |
| < | ↑ Baltic *dagija- | ||||
| do, deed | Fi. | teke- (teh-dä) | 'to do, make' | < | PFU *teki- |
| fact < Lat. | Sw. | dåd | 'deed' | < | ↑ PIE *dheh1- |
| (do), deed | Fi. | teho | 'effect' | < | PreF *tešt-o < deriv. *tešti |
| Sw. | dåd | 'deed' | ↑ PIE *dheh1-tí | ||
| do, deed | Fi. | tehdas, tehta- | 'store, nest; workplace' | < | PreF *teštas |
| Sw. | dåd | 'deed' | ↑ PIE *dheh1-tós | ||
| ten | Fi. | -teksa in yhdeksän '9', kahdeksan '8' | < yhd(e)-teksän 'one less than ten' < kahd(e)-teksan 'two less than ten' | < | PreF *teksä- |
| Sw. | tio | 'ten' | <~> | ↑ Early PIr *detsa- | |
| (< PIE *déḱmt) | |||||
| NB. yksi, yhte-/yhde- means '1' | |||||
| kaksi, kahte-/kahde- means '2' | |||||
| tar | Fi. | terva | 'tar' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *terva- |
| tree, true, trust | ↑ Baltic *derva- | ||||
| Sw. | tjära, trä, tröst | 'tar', 'tree', 'comfort (<trust)' | < | or ↑ Gmc *terwōn- | |
| Fi. | toivo | 'hope, forecast, belief' | look under 'jumala' | ||
| tame | Fi. | tosi, tote-lla ; ~> tot-tu- | 'true, earnest'; 'to obey' ; ~> 'get accustomed to' | < | PreF *tomti- |
| Sw. | tam, | tame', | <~ | ↑ PIE *dmh2-tó- | |
| tämja | 'domesticate' | ||||
| thousand | Fi. | tuha-t, -nte- | 'thousand' | < | PreF *tušanti- |
| thigh, thumb | ↑ Baltic *tušant- | ||||
| Sw. | tusen(-de) | 'thousand' | |||
| tumme | |||||
| Fi. | tulppa | 'plug, stopper' | look under 'salvata' | ||
| donate, | Fi. | tuoda | 'bring' | < | PU *toχï- (*/toxï-/) |
| endow < Lat. | Sw. | donera <Latin | 'donate' | < | ↑ PIE *deh3- |
| dip, deep | Fi. | tuppi | 'sheath' | < | Earlyish Proto-Finnic *tuppi |
| Sw. | doppsko | 'chape, sheath; ferrule; casing' | < | ↑ Early Gmc *duppa- | |
| dwell | Fi. | tuuli, tuule- | 'wind'; v.'blow' (of wind) | < | *tuχlï- (*/tuxli-/) > PF-P *tuuli- |
| down | Sw. | dun | 'down', 'tiny feather' | ↑ PIE *dhuH-li- 'to reel, dissipate, blow' | |
| dvala, dväljas | 'drowse, doze, lethargy', 'dwell' | ||||
| dyner | 'dunes' (not accepted as cognate in English sources) | ||||
| döv | 'deaf'' | ||||
| Fi. | tyhjä | < | Early-Proto-Finnic tuši- (~saami) <- | ||
| daughter | Fi. | tytär, tyttäre- | 'daughter' | < | PreF *tüktäre- |
| ↑ Baltic *dugter- | |||||
| Sw. | dotter | 'daughter' | PIE *dhugh2tēr | ||
| udder | Fi. | udar, utare- | 'udder' | < | PF-P *uđa-re |
| ↑ PIA *ū'dhar | |||||
| cf. ?PIE *h1(e/o)uh1dh-r-/-en-? | |||||
| Sw. | juver<jugher | 'udder' | <~ | ||
| udder | Fi. | järvi | 'lake' | < | PreF *jävrä- > Proto-Finnic *järv- |
| urine < Lat. | Sw. | yra | ''whirl (of snow)' | <~> | ↑ Blt./Slv. or Baltic *jaura- |
| PIE ?*iouh1r- | |||||
| (chronology of metathesis corrected by me | |||||
| parallell *kov+ra > korva 'ear', cf. NSESK) | |||||
| udder | Fi. | virta | 'stream, current' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *virta |
| urine < Lat. | Sw. | yra | ''whirl (of snow)' | <~> | ↑ Blt./Slv. *virtā or *virta |
| or ↑ Early Middle Slavic | |||||
| or ↑ Baltic | |||||
| PIE *uh1r-t- | |||||
| ewe | Fi. | uuhi | 'mother sheep' | < | PFU *(χ)uwi-či |
| ↑ PIE *h2oui-s 'sheep' | |||||
| ewe | Fi. | oinas | 'castrated ram' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic oinas |
| ↑ Baltic *awinas | |||||
| wasp | Fi. | vaapsahainen | 'wasp (dial. also bee)' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *vapsa- |
| ↑ Baltic *waps- | |||||
| Sw. | väfsse (dial.) | 'hornet' | cf. PIE *wobhes-/*wops- | ||
| wax | Fi. | vaha | 'wax' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *vakša- |
| ↑ Baltic *wakša- (before metathesis) | |||||
| Sw. | vax | 'wax' | cf. PIE *uog-so-? | ||
| wand | Fi. | vanne, vante- | 'band, rim' | < | PreF *vant-eš- |
| Sw. | vant | 'shroud' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *wandiz | |
| cf. *wanduz | |||||
| voice | Fi. | vannoa | 'swear' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *vatno- |
| epos | < | ↑ EarlyGmc *waχw-na- | |||
| cf. PIE *Hwekw- | |||||
| wary | Fi. | vara | 'attentiveness; allowance; spare, extra etc.' | < | Proto-Finnic *vara |
| aware | Sw. | vara, varse, varsam | 'care; aware; careful, prudent, wary' | < | ↑ Gmc *wara-z |
| wary, to ward | Fi. | varrota, vartoa | 'wait' | < | Proto Finnic *varto- |
| guard <Rom. | Sw. | vårda | 'nurse, tend' | < | ↑ Gmc. *warđōn |
| ward | Fi. | vartio | 'guard' | < | Late Proto Finnic *vartio |
| Sw. | vård | 'attention, watch, protection; care, custody' | < | ↑ Gmc *warđija- | |
| Fi. | varasto | 'warehouse' | look under 'os-taa' | ||
| Fi. | varrota, vartoa | 'wait' | < | look under 'vara' | |
| Fi. | vartio | 'guard' | < | look under 'vara' | |
| Fi. | vas-a (-ikka) | 'calf' | look under 'vuosi' | ||
| wake, watch | Fi. | vasara | 'hammer' <'cult. battleax'? | < | PreF *vaśa-ra |
| vigor/vigil< Lat. | ↑ PreIr *vaźara < PIE *uoģ-ero-? | ||||
| Sw. | vaka, vakta | 'wake', 'watch' | <~ | PIE *uoģē | |
| Fi. | vehmaro | 'pole of a team of draught oxen' | look under 'viedä' | ||
| water | Fi. | vete- (vesi) | 'water' | < | PU *weti- |
| ↑ PIE *wed- (root noun) or *wedōr | |||||
| Sw. | vatten | 'water' | < | <~> *wod-r/wed-n-) | |
| våt | 'wet' | ||||
| (OE) weotuma | Fi. | vetä- | 'to draw, pull, tug' | < | PFU *wetä- |
| ='dowry' | <~ | ↑ PIE *wedh-e/o- | |||
| weigh | Fi. | viedä | 'lead, carry, take, bring, convey' | < | PFU *wiχi- /*wixi/ |
| way | Sw. | väga, väg | 'weigh, way' | ↑ PIE *ueǵʰ-e/o- | |
| wagon, way | Fi. | vehmaro | 'pole of a team of draught oxen' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *vešma- |
| vehicle < Lat. | ↑ Baltic *vežima- | ||||
| Sw. | vagn, väg | 'wagon; way' | |||
| Fi. | Viena | 'Northern Dvina' | look under 'Väinä' | ||
| two, between | Fi. | viha | 'hatred, hostility' | < | PF-P *viša- |
| twist | ↑ PI-A *dvis- | ||||
| Sw. | tvist | 'dispute' | |||
| virus | Fi. | vih-er ; viha-nta | 'green, grow; poison' | < | PF-P *viša- |
| ↑ PI-A/PIr *viša- | |||||
| wool | Fi. | villa | 'wool' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *vilna- |
| ↑ Baltic *wilna- | |||||
| Sw. | ull | ''wool' | < | cf. PIE *ulneh2 | |
| word | Fi. | virsi | 'church hymn' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *virti- |
| verb < Lat. | ↑ Baltic *vird- | ||||
| Sw. | ord | 'word' | <~ | cf. PIE *urh1-dh | |
| cf. PIE *uerh1-dh | |||||
| cf. PIE *ureh1- | |||||
| Fi. | virta | 'stream, current' | look under 'udar' | ||
| Fi. | vitja | 'chain, leach' | look just below under 'vitsa' | ||
| withy, withe | Fi. | vitsa | 'willow twig', 'withe, birch' | < | (Late) PreF *vićća |
| Sw. | vidja, vide | 'willow, withy' | <~ | ↑ Early Gmc *wiþjō- < *witjā- | |
| or ↑ Early Gmc *wiþja- < *witjo- | |||||
| withe, withy | Fi. | vitja | 'chain, leach' | < | Proto Finnic *vitja- |
| Sw. | vidja, vide | 'willow' | <~ | ↑ Late Gmc *wiþja- or *wiþjōn- | |
| ointment, | Fi. | voi | 'butter' | < | PFU *(w)ōji- < *ojV- ? |
| unction, | ↑ Early PIA *ag'ya- / *āg'ya | ||||
| anoint <Lat. | cf. PIE *h3engw-ie/o | ||||
| Fi. | vuohi | 'goat' | look under 'ajaa' | ||
| rise, raise | Fi. | vuori | 'hill, mountain, hight' | < | PF-P *vōri- (< PFU *orV-?) |
| ↑ PIA *aras- or arah | |||||
| Sw. | res (in topon.) | 'elevation, hight' | cf. PIE *h1er(H)-os-/-es- | ||
| entry: RES (sbst2) | |||||
| wether; veal, | Fi. | vuosi | 'year' | < | PreF *vōti- (< *votV-?) |
| veteran < Lat. | ↑ PIA *vatas- or vatah | ||||
| Sw. | vädur | 'ram' | cf. PIE *uetos-/*uetes- | ||
| wether, | Fi. | vas-a (-ikka) | 'calf' | < | PreF *vasa- |
| veal < Lat. | ↑ PIr (PreOssetic) *vasa < *vat-sa | ||||
| Sw. | vädur | 'ram' | |||
| Dvina (west.) | Fi. | Väinä | 'Western Dvina' | < | PreF *Väjnä- or Proto-F *Väinä- |
| Sw. | Dvina | 'Western Dvina' | ↑ Early Middle Slavic *dvæinā | ||
| Dvina (north.) | Fi. | Viena | 'Northern Dvina' | < | Late Proto-F *Vēna |
| Sw. | Dvina | 'Northern Dvina' | ?↑? ?Late Middle Slavic *dvēnā | ||
| Fi. | yhdeksän '9' | < yhd(e)-teksän 'one less than ten' | look under '-teksa' | ||
| Fi. | äes, äke- | 'harrow' | look under 'kasa' | ||
| Aikio 2006 (SUSA) | |||||
| Kalima, Jalo 1936: Itämerensuomalaisten kielten balttilaiset lainasanat. [‘The Baltic Loanwords in the Baltic-Finnic Lang | |||||
| Kallio, Petri, 2006: On the Earliest Slavic Loanwords in Finnic. | The Slavicization of the Russian North: M | ||||
| Kallio, Petri, 2006b: On the "Early Baltic" Loanwords in Common Finnic. | Evidence and Counter-Evidence: Essays in | ||||
| Koivulehto, Jorma 1983: Suomalaisten maahanmuutto indoeurooppalaisten lainasanojen valossa. – Journal de la Societ | |||||
| Koivulehto 1984: Itämerensuomalaiset-germaaniset kosketukset. – Gallén, Jarl – Åström, Sven-Erik (eds.) 1984 (1980): S | |||||
| Tvärminnen sympoosiumi 17.-19.1.1980. Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands Natur och Folk 131. Helsi | |||||
| Koivulehto, Jorma 1991, Koivulehto, Jorma: Uralische Evidenz für die Laryngaltheorie. Veröffentlichungen der Komission | |||||
| Kommunikationsforschung nr. 24. Wien (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften) 1991. ISBN 3 | |||||
| Koivulehto, Jorma 1999: Varhaiset indoeurooppalaiskontaktit: aika ja paikka lainasanojen valossa. Fogelberg, Paul (e | |||||
| nykytutkimuksen mukaan, Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands Natur och Folk 153. Helsinki - Ekenäs: Fin | |||||
| Koivulehto Jorma, 2001 The Earliest Contacts between IE and Uralic Speakers. Carpelan, Christian; Parpola, Asko & Kosk | |||||
| between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archeological Considerations. Helsinki (Mémoires | |||||
| Koivulehto, Jorma 2002: Contact with non-Germanic languages II. Relations to the east. – Oskar Bandle (toim.). The Nordi | |||||
| the history of the North Germanic languages: Volume I pages 583-594. Berlin – New York: Walter de G | |||||
| Koivulehto 2009 (SUSA) | |||||
| LÄGLOS = Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in der ostseefinnishen Sprachen 1991, 1996, .. | |||||
| NSESK = Häkkinen, Kaisa. Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja. 4. painos 2007 [2004] | |||||
| Parpola, Asko 1999 (1997): Varhaisten indoeurooppalaiskontaktien ajoitus ja paikannus kielellisen ja arkeologisen ain | |||||
| juuret nykytutkimuksen mukaan, Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands Natur och Folk 153. Helsinki - Eke | |||||
| SSA = Suomen sanojen alkuperä. Etymologinen sanakirja. 1992-2000 | |||||
| Schalin 2004 (Virittäjä) | |||||
| Schalin 2008a (Finsk tidskrift 8/2008) | |||||
| Schalin 2008b (Sananjalka 50/2008) | |||||
| UEW = Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Rédei 1988) | |||||
| Potential words to be added | |||||
| < Indo-European and Indo-Iranian (> 19) | |||||
| ahnas | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| aivan | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| apu | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| arvo | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| ihan | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| iho | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| jama | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| kehrä | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| kota | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| kutoa | < PIE | ||||
| maa | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| mana | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| oja | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| sataa | < PIE | ||||
| sitoa | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| sota | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| suoda | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| takra | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| vanka | < Indo-Iranian? | ||||
| < Balto-Slavic (> 109) | |||||
| aarto | < Baltic | ||||
| ahingas | < Baltic | ||||
| aisa | < Baltic | ||||
| ?aitta | < Baltic | ||||
| ansa | < Baltic | ||||
| ehkä | < Pre-Baltic | ||||
| halli | < Baltic | ||||
| harmaa | < Baltic | ||||
| heitiä, hedelmä | < Baltic žeid- | ||||
| hihna | < Baltic | ||||
| hiiva | < Baltic | ||||
| härkä | < Baltic | ||||
| härmä | < Baltic | ||||
| ies, ikee- | < *ikes < ?Pre-Slavonic | ||||
| juhta | < Baltic | ||||
| jutta | < Baltic | ||||
| kannel | < Baltic | ||||
| kaplas | < Baltic | ||||
| kappale | < Baltic | ||||
| karsi | < Baltic | ||||
| karta | < Baltic | ||||
| karva | < Baltic | ||||
| kauha | < Baltic | ||||
| kausta | < Baltic | ||||
| kehdata | < Pre-Baltic | ||||
| keli | < Baltic | ||||
| kestää | < Baltic | ||||
| ketara | < Baltic | ||||
| kiiliäinen | < Baltic | ||||
| kimalainen | < ?Pre-Slavonic | ||||
| kirsi | < Baltic | ||||
| kirpeä | < Baltic | ||||
| korsi | < Baltic | ||||
| kulo | < Baltic | ||||
| kurki/kurko | < Baltic | ||||
| kurpponen | < Baltic | ||||
| kuuro | < Baltic | ||||
| kypärä | < Baltic | ||||
| käärme | < Baltic | ||||
| lahto | < Baltic | ||||
| laiska | < Baltic | ||||
| laukki | < Baltic | ||||
| lauta | < Baltic | ||||
| leina | < Baltic | ||||
| leppä | < | Baltic ?laip- | |||
| leuka | < Baltic | ||||
| luhta | < Baltic | ||||
| lunka | < Baltic | ||||
| malka | < Baltic | ||||
| muli | < Baltic | ||||
| mähkiä | < Baltic | ||||
| mäntä | < Baltic | ||||
| märkä | < Baltic | ||||
| nepaa | < Baltic | ||||
| nukero | < Baltic | ||||
| orsi | < Baltic | ||||
| pahlain | < Baltic | ||||
| paimen | < Baltic | ||||
| panu | < Baltic | ||||
| parjata | < Baltic | ||||
| pelu | < Baltic | ||||
| perkele | < Baltic | ||||
| puuro | < Baltic | ||||
| rako | < Baltic | ||||
| rastas | < Baltic | ||||
| reikä | < Baltic | ||||
| Not beyond Baltic | reisi | < | Baltic rait- | ||
| reki | < Baltic | ||||
| rouhia | < ?Pre-Slavonic | ||||
| routa | < Baltic | ||||
| rutto | < Baltic | ||||
| sakara | < Baltic | ||||
| salo | < Baltic | ||||
| sapa(ro) | < Baltic | ||||
| seinä | < Baltic | ||||
| seiväs | < Baltic | ||||
| seura | < Baltic | ||||
| siikanen | < Baltic | ||||
| silta | < Baltic | ||||
| siula | < Baltic | ||||
| syrjä | < Baltic | ||||
| talkoot | < Baltic | ||||
| tapa | < Baltic | ||||
| tarha | < Baltic | ||||
| tarvas | < Baltic | ||||
| toe | < Baltic | ||||
| torvi | < Baltic | ||||
| tuohi | < Baltic | ||||
| tuulas | < Baltic | ||||
| tuura | < Baltic | ||||
| vaaja | < Baltic | ||||
| vako | < Baltic | ||||
| valjas | < Baltic | ||||
| varsi | < Baltic | ||||
| vielä | < Baltic | ||||
| vihvilä | < Baltic | ||||
| vinka | < Baltic | ||||
| virpi | < Baltic | ||||
| vohla | < Baltic | ||||
| vuona | < Baltic | ||||
| vuota | < Baltic | ||||
| väive | < Baltic | ||||
| ätelä | < Baltic | ||||
| Not beyond Baltic | ääri | < *äjä-ri < Pre-Baltic | |||
| < Paleo-Germanic (See annex p. 19-21 under link below) | |||||
| http://cc.oulu.fi/~anaikio/Heimovaelluksista_jatkuvuuteen.pdf | |||||